Biomedicine

Abstract

Background: Pregnancy induces significant physiological changes, including alterations in lipid metabolism to support fetal development. However, exaggerated lipid shifts may contribute to complications such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the changes in lipid profiles during pregnancy at each trimester and investigate their correlation with GDM and PIH. Methods: This prospective observational study included pregnant women attending antenatal clinics, categorized into normal, GDM, and PIH groups based on established clinical guidelines. Fasting blood samples were collected during each trimester to assess serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) using standard enzymatic methods. Atherogenic indices such as TC/HDL-c and TG/HDL-c ratios were also calculated. Comparative and trend analyses were performed across trimesters and between groups. Results: All participants exhibited a physiological rise in TC, TGs, and LDL-c across trimesters. However, women with GDM and PIH showed significantly elevated levels in the third trimester compared to normotensive, euglycemic pregnancies. Interestingly, HDL-c levels were also increased in GDM and PIH, reflecting complex metabolic adaptations. Lipid ratios were markedly higher in high-risk groups, suggesting increased cardiovascular risk. Conclusion: Abnormal lipid trajectories during pregnancy, particularly elevated TGs and lipid ratios, are associated with GDM and PIH. Monitoring lipid profiles throughout gestation may aid in early identification of at-risk pregnancies and guide preventive strategies.