Volume: 44 Issue: 1
Year: 2024, Page: 46-51, Doi: https://doi.org/10.51248/.v44i1.4119
Received: Dec. 1, 2023 Accepted: Feb. 1, 2024 Published: May 1, 2024
Introduction and Aim: Plant secondary metabolites have been found to have antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Memecylon malabaricum Cogn., is one of endemic plant species belonging to the melastomataceae family which can be found in western ghats, sacred groves of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts of Karnataka, India. This study was to assess the antidiabetic, antioxidative and antimicrobial activities of alkaloids and saponins present in the plant M. malabaricum.
Materials and Methods: Leaves of M.malabaricum were collected from forests of Western Ghats region, Shivamogga district in Karnataka, India. Alkaloids and saponins were isolated and quantified as previously described. Antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities were evaluated for alkaloids and saponins of M. malabaricum leaves.
Results and Discussion: Total alkaloid content and saponin content were found to be 147.407.00mg AE/g and 170.5347 mg QE/g and respectively. IC50 of LAF and LSF for α-amylase enzyme were found to be 62.117 and 151.058 mg/ml respectively, while for α-glucosidase the LAF and LSF exhibited 30.008 and 43.872 μg/ml IC50 values respectively. At 100 μg/ml concentration, the free radical scavenging activity of LSF reached around 74% for DPPH and 40% for nitric oxide. At 100 μg/ml concentration, the scavenging activity of LAF reached around 45% for DPPH and 26% for nitric oxide. The LSF has significantly inhibited both Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria compared to LAF.
Conclusion: Compared to saponin fraction, alkaloid fraction has shown better antidiabetic activity against both α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes in vitro. Saponin fraction has exhibited better antioxidant activity than the alkaloid fraction. The saponin fraction exhibited better antibacterial activity compared to the alkaloid fraction. From the results, it could be concluded that alkaloid fraction and saponin fraction of the M. malabaricum leaves could be used to manage/treat the diabetic condition, as they possess antioxidant properties.
Keywords: Memecylon malabaricum; in vitro antidiabetic activity; in vitro antioxidant activity; in vitro antibacterial activity.
1. Keita, K., Darkoh, C., Okafor, F. Secondary plant metabolites as potent drug candidates against antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. SN Appl Sci. 2022;4:209.
2.Compean, K.L., Ynalvez, R.A. Antimicrobial activity of plant secondary metabolites: A review. Res J Med Plants. 2014; 8: 204-213.
3. Sonkamble, V.V., Wagh, N.S., Pai, S.R. Role of plant secondary metabolites as antidiabetic agents. In: Akhtar, M., Swamy, M., Sinniah, U. (eds) Natural Bio-active Compounds. Springer. 2019; p.529-550
4. Tran, N., Pham, B., Le, L. Bioactive compounds in anti-diabetic plants: From herbal medicine to modern drug discovery. Biology. 2020; 9:252.
5. Zeeshan Bhatti, M., Ismail, H., Khan Kayani, W. Plant secondary metabolites: Therapeutic potential and pharmacological properties Secondary metabolites - Trends and reviews. IntechOpen, 2022. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.103698
6.Bhandary, M.J., Chandrashekar, K.R. Sacred groves of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts of Karnataka. Current Sci. 2003; 85 (12): 1655-1656.
7. Hullatti, K.K., Rai, V.R, Antimicrobial activity of Memecylon malabaricum leaves. Fitoterapia. 2004; 409-411.
8. Namratha, P.H., Basavaraj, S.H. Isolation, identification and in vitro biological evaluation of phytochemicals from Memecylon randerianum: a medicinal plant endemic to Western Ghats of India. Nat Prod Res. 2021;35(23):5334-5338.
9. Edeoga, H.O., Okwu, D.E., Mbaeble, B.O. Phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian medicinal plants. Afr J Biotechnol. 2005; 4: 685-688.
10. Makkar, H.P.S., Siddhuraju, P., Becker, K. Plant secondary metabolites: Methods in Molecular Biology, Humana Press Inc., Totowa NJ, 2007; vol. 393.
11. Rao, T. M., Rao, B. G., Rao, Y. V. Antioxidant activity of Spilanthes acmella extracts. Intl J Phytopharmacol. 2012;3(2): 216-220.
12. Poovitha, S., Parani, M. In vitro and in vivo α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibiting activities of the protein extracts from two varieties of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.). BMC Complement, Altern Med. 2016;16:185.
13. Tsujii, E., Muroi, M., Shiragami, N., Takatsuki, A. Nectrisine is a potent inhibitor of alpha-glucosidases, demonstrating activities similarly at enzyme and cellular levels. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996; 220:459-466.
14. Blois, M.S. Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature. 1958; 181(4617): 1199-1200.
15. Rao, M.N. S. Nitric oxide scavenging by curcumonoids. J Pharm Pharmacol.1997;49:105-107.
16. Nagashree, S., Karthik, C.S., Sudarshan, B.L., Mallesha, L., Spoorthy, H.P., Sanjay, K.R., et al., In vitro antimicrobial activity of new 2-amino-4-chloropyridine derivatives: A structure-activity relationship study. J Pharm Res. 2015; 9(8): 509-516.
17. Mueller, J.H., Hinton, J.A. Protein-free medium for primary isolation of the Gonococcus and Meningococcus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1941;48(1):330-333.
18. Mann, C.M., Markham, J.L. A new method for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration of essential oils. J Appl Microbiol. 1998;84:538.
19. Piparo, E.L., Scheib, H., Frei, N., Williamson, G., Grigorov, M., Chou, C.J., et al., Flavonoids for controlling starch digestion: Structural requirements for inhibiting human alpha-amylase. J Med Chem. 2008;51:3555-3561.
20. Tejavathi, D.H., Sumalatha, B.S., Phytochemical, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic analysis of leaf and stem extracts of Memecylon malabaricum (C.B.Clarke) Cogn. Int J Pharm Sci Drug Res. 2020; 12(6):606-613.
21. Wong, F.C., Yong, A.L., Ting, E.P., Khoo, S.C., Ong, H.C., Chai, T.T., et al., Antioxidant, metal chelating, anti-glucosidase activities and phytochemical analysis of selected tropical medicinal plants. Iran J Pharm Res. 2014;13(4):1409-1415.
22. Rajani, S.A. Mini review on antidiabetic plant derived alkaloids. Indian J Sci Res. 2020;10(2):137-141.
23. Ngoufack, T.C., Tamokou, J.D., Kengne, I.C. Antimicrobial activities of saponins from Melanthera elliptica and their synergistic effects with antibiotics against pathogenic phenotypes. BMC Chem. 2018;12:97.
24. Raji, P., Samrot, A.V., Keerthana, D. Antibacterial Activity of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins mediated green synthesized silver nanoparticles against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis. J Clust Sci. 2019;30:881-895.
Prathap H.M., Vadlapudi Kumar, Manjunatha T., Ruksana F., Vishala E., Savitharani M. Evaluation of in vitro antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of phytochemicals from Memecylon malabaricum Cogn. Biomedicine: 2024; 44(1): 46-51